The human rights alliance Karapatan condemns the killing of Pascual
Guevarra, a 78-year old peasant leader in Laur, Nueva Ecija who was shot
and killed in his house on Friday, July 9, 2010.
Guevarra is the second activist killed under President Noynoy Aquino’s
presidency; we are holding the President responsible for the escalating
attacks against activists and media persons.
--
Karapatan press staement
/p
/p
Karapatan condemns 2nd activist killing and
ambush of another media person; slams P-Noy's continued silence on EJKs Monday, July 12, 2010 8:59 AM
The human rights alliance Karapatan condemns the killing of Pascual
Guevarra, a 78-year old peasant leader in Laur, Nueva Ecija who was shot
and killed in his house on Friday, July 9, 2010.
Guevarra is the second activist killed under President Noynoy Aquino’s
presidency; we are holding the President responsible for the escalating
attacks against activists and media persons.
Also in the evening of the same day, Miguel Belen, a broadcaster in
Camarines Sur was ambushed by armed men and remains in critical condition
in a hospital in Iriga City. It is deplorable that attacks against media
persons and activists are persisting.
President Aquino's silence on the political killings is giving the
military the license to continue targetting unarmed progressive
individuals with brazenness and impunity. Up to now, the President has not
issued a categorical statement to stop the killings. The wang wang merited
a statement in his inaugural speech, and immediately, down the line, the
police and military started looking for wangwangs, apprehending violators
of the President’s desire even in towns far from Manila. It is therefore,
important that the Commander-in-Chief issues a categorical statement that
he wants the killings and other human rights violations stopped. A simple
statement will send a signal that he is bent on realizing what he say.
Karapatan also notes that the pronouncements of the new AFP Chief of Staff
Lt. Gen. Ricardo David of a new three-year plan to end insurgency are not
reassuring but have, in fact, signaled a new wave of political killings in
the country. Last weekend, President Aquino held a command conference with
the military’s top brass to supposedly discuss the military plan of his
administration. The ‘human rights-centered’ military plan now merely looks
like nothing but a public relations tactic to draw away the attention from
the spate of killings that the armed forces are now launching.
Former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's counter-insurgency plan Oplan
Bantay Laya (Operation Freedom Watch or OBL) has taken the lives of 1,205
unarmed individuals, mostly activists and members of progressive people's
organizations, in its purported campaign to end the insurgency. We call on
PNoy NOT to make his own list of victims; scrap this brutal and bloody
campaign and desist from embarking on a similar program even if the new
plan is coated with supposed “human rights” approaches; this plan would be
more alarming as this will be more deceptive.
We call on human rights advocates and defenders here and abroad to
continue to demand from P-Noy to end the impunity and stop the killings.
Let us continue to be vigilant because the nightmares of OBL and the
impunity are still with us; and let us continue to fight for justice for
all victims of extrajudicial killings and other human rights violations.
END IMPUNITY! STOP THE KILLINGS NOW! ###
July 12, 2010
Ref: Marie Hilao-Enriquez, Chairperson
Mobile: 09175616800
--
Alliance for the Advancement of People's Rights
2nd Flr. Erythrina Bldg., #1 Maaralin corner Matatag Sts., Central
District
Diliman, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES 1101
Telefax: (+63 2) 4354146
Web: http://www.karapatan.org
KARAPATAN is an alliance of human rights organizations and programs, human
rights desks and committees of people’s organizations, and individual
advocates committed to the defense and promotion of people’s rights and
civil liberties. It monitors and documents cases of human rights
violations, assists and defends victims and conducts education, training
and campaign. It was established in 1995.
Human rights groups urge President Noynoy
Aquino: Stop the Killings! Stop Human Rights Violations! End Impunity! Submitted on Sat, 06/19/2010 - 04:10
While reporting of a successful participation to the 14th Session of the
UN Human Rights Council in Geneva as a member of the Ecumenical Voice
Philippine NGO delegation, Marie Hilao-Enriquez, Chairperson of Karapatan
Alliance for the Advancement of People's Rights, condemned the continuing
extrajudicial killings in the Philippines and called upon president-elect
Noynoy Aquino to stop the killings and address the persistent issue of
human rights violations in the country.
"It is quite alarming and deplorable that on the runup to the so-called
peaceful transition between two administrations, the killings of activists
and human right defenders continue to be committed with brazen impunity.
We just left the country for 16 days and within that period, 6 people are
summarily killed,” bewailed Karapatan chairperson Marie Hilao-Enriquez.
On June 1, farmers Julito Etang and Borromeo Cabilis were abducted by
armed men believed to be members of the military in Mobo, Masbate. The
farmers were found dead on June 3, their hands tied and mouths covered
with packaging tape. On June 2, labor leader Edward Panganiban was shot
dead on his way to work aboard his motorcycle, by men in bonnets and
helmets who were tailing Panganiban. Panganiban was the secretary of
Takata Philippines Corporation’s workers union.
On June 14, in Negros Occidental, human rights worker Benjamin Bayles was
waiting for a ride in Sitio Antolo, Bgy. Suay, Himamaylan when he was shot
by two men wearing helmets on board a black motorcycle. The men stopped
near Bayles and one of the riders walked towards the victim and shot him
multiple times. The driver also approached Bayles and shot him too, to
ensure his death. Bystanders took Bayles to the hospital but he was
pronounced dead-on-arrival. The police reported over the local radio that
they were able to arrest the gunmen who were identified as Roger M. Bahon
and Ronnie L. Caurino, and that the suspects confessed to being “organic”
members of the 61st IBPA. The PNP however retracted their statement the
following day and said that the suspects are not connected with the
military. Bayles was a constant companion during fact-finding missions of
Karapatan-Negros secretary general Fred Caña, who is also experiencing
unmitigated harassment and threats.
Also on June 14, radio journalist Desiderio Camangyan was shot and killed
while he was on stage, as he hosted a singing contest in Manay, Davao
Oriental. The next day, another radio broadcaster, Joselito Agustin, was
killed in Bacarra, Ilocos Norte while riding his motorcycle on his way
home with his nephew.
Enriquez pointed out that the human rights defenders who trekked to the
14th Session of the UNHRC correctly conveyed to the Council the reigning
culture of impunity engendered by Arroyo’s Oplan Bantay Laya, the most
brutal and bloodiest counter-insurgency program ever unleashed by a
Philippine president. Karapatan asserts that the Macapagal-Arroyo regime
must be held accountable for the human rights violations in her nine years
as Commander-in-Chief. She, under the doctrine of command responsibility,
as well as the perpetrators of these violations must be prosecuted and
punished; this way can impunity be ended and justice can be initially
rendered to victims.
“We strongly urge President-elect Benigno “Noynoy” Aquino III to make good
to the promise he made recently to prosecute the crimes of the past
administration; human rights violations like killings and enforced
disappearances are grave crimes against humanity that must be prosecuted,”
Hilao-Enriquez points out.
“We also urge the President-elect to scrap this so-called
counter-insurgency program, identified by UN Special Rapporteur Prof.
Philip Alston as one of the causes of the killings and enforced
disappearances in the country, and render justice to its victims,” Hilao-Enriquez
stated.
She further appeals to the new administration “never to embark into a
similar campaign against the people and instead address, in a substantive
manner, the root causes of such insurgency.” ###
»
Groups condemn first case of extra-judicial
killing on peasants under Aquino administration
The militant Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas
(KMP, Peasant Movement of the Philippines) and Tanggol Magsasaka (Peasant
Network for Land, Justice and Human Rights) condemned the killing of
Pascual Guevarra, 78 years old and a senior leader of Alyansa ng mga
Magbubukid na Nagkakaisa sa 3,100 Ektarya ng Fort Magsaysay (ALMANA 3,100)
under the Alyansa ng Magbubukid sa Gitnang Luzon (AMGL, KMP Central
Luzon). He was killed Friday, July 9 at 4:45pm, by two motorcycle-riding
men who went inside his house at Bgy. San Isidro, Laur town. His grandson
Ronnel Villoria was also wounded when he tried to help his grandfather.
“We strongly condemn the first killing of a peasant leader under the
Aquino regime. We hold the Armed Forces of the Philippines, particularly
the 7th Infantry Division of the Philippine Army, who controls Fort
Magsaysay Military Reservation,” Danilo Ramos, KMP Secretary-General said
in a press statement.
The groups said that Guevarra is an old peasant leader who is active in
pushing for land reform at their area. He led numerous dialogues with the
7th IDPA, particularly Col. Hermino Barrios of the Judge Advocate Group’s
Office (JAGO) representing Maj. Gen. Ralph Bangit usually about the
military’s harassment to farmers to displace them from their lands. He
also attended the dialogue at Camp Aguinaldo, with the representatives of
the then secretary of Dept. of National Defense (DND) Gilbert Teodoro on
November 17, 2008 and countless dialogues with the Provincial Agrarian
Reform Office (PARO), Dept. of Agrarian Reform (DAR) Region III office and
Central Office.
“The military could never deny that they had a hand on this, as they
totally control Fort Magsaysay Military Reservation. They were everywhere
at the area, when we held a medical and fact-finding mission on October 5
to 6, 2008 at the area, soldiers are just roaming around, jogging,
patrolling, thus, the assailants of Tatay Pascual could never have done it
without their knowledge,” Ramos said.
KMP said that ALMANA 3,100 was organized by the farmers to push for their
rights to land as the military is systematically harassing them to force
them leave their lands. Majority of their members are also members of the
Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Associations (ARBA), who are holders of
Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOA) under CARP.
The lands of Fort Magsaysay were covered by land distribution to benefit
landless farmers and those displaced of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption and on
November 15, 1991 a Deed of Transfer was signed by DND and DAR, giving DAR
the authority on the lands. Consequently, farmers were awarded CLOAs but
corrupt DAR officials peddled them to illegitimate beneficiaries such as
those not actually farming at the area. In addition, the military does not
recognize the transfer that was signed by their own DND secretary then
Renato De Villa.
“He is already old but still fighting for his right to land, he walks
around with loads of documents from DAR proving their claim. He is
harmless and all he wanted was to keep their farm so that his
grandchildren would have something,” Ramos said.
Tanggol Magsasaka said that of the 1,190 victims of extra-judicial
killings under the Arroyo rule, 561 were peasants and 119 were KMP leaders
including Eddie Gumanoy of KASAMA-TK (KMP Southern Tagalog), Renato
Pacaide of KMP Far Southern Mindanao Region, Arthur Orpilla and Dionisio
Battad of DANGGAYAN – CV (KMP Cagayan Valley), Marcelino Beltran of AMT (KMP
Tarlac), Fermin Lorico of KAUGMAON (KMP Negros Oriental), Celso Pojas of
FADC (KMP Davao City) and more. In addition, there are 129 peasants and
organizers who were victimized by enforced disappearances including Nilo
Arado of PAMANGGAS – Panay and Jonas Burgos of AMB (KMP Bulacan).
“We are to join the fact-finding mission organized by the AMGL on Monday
and hold a condemnation protest at Mendiola to push president Noynoy
Aquino to immediately act and stop the killings. He could not afford to be
late and slow on the issue of extra-judicial killings in the country,” he
added.
“This is very clear that Tatay Pascual’s struggle to land has made him a
target of the state fascist forces. The military is obviously accountable
as it happened inside their area of responsibility. They are in control of
the area, they control whoever gets in or out, thus, it is impossible for
the perpetrators to carry on their mission without the military’s
knowledge. We would seek justice resolutely and the Aquino government
should punish those responsible,” Ramos assured. #
Noynoy urged to punish military for the
murder of two inhis first 10 days
Kilusang Mayo Uno strongly condemns the murder of another progressive
leader Pascual Guevarra, the second killing in just the first 10 days of
the Aquino administration.
Guevarra is 78-year old peasant leader from the Alyansa ng mga Magsasakang
Nagkakaisa 3100 (Almana 3100) and Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARB) in
Nueva Ecija. He is also the 60th Anakpawis member killed since 2001.
“If Noynoy really says he is against extra-judicial killings, how come he
can let leaders of progressive organizations be murdered in just 10 days
of him in office?” said KKMU executive vice chairperson Joselito Ustartez.
“The new Aquino leadership must act immediately – hold the responsible
military units and officers accountable and prosecute them - or else the
Filipino people will hold him accountable,” Ustarez dared.
“This early spate of killings also proves that the new military
leadership’s claims that their so-called ‘new anti-insurgency program’
stresses respect of human rights is simply false.”
KMU will troop to the Malacañang palace on Monday together with other
progressive froups to denounce the killings and demand urgent action from
the Palace. #
=
==
PRESS RELEASE
July 12, 2010
Reference: Roy Morilla, KMP Public Information Officer (0907-418-0098)
One-hundred-day camp-out farmers condemn first extra-judicial killing
on peasants, campground at DAR to push further for land reform
The 100-day camp-out led by the militant Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas
(KMP, Peasant Movement of the Philippines), Katipunan ng mga Samahang
Magbubukid sa Timog Katagalugan (KASAMA-TK, KMP Southern Tagalog) and
Alyansa ng Magbubukid sa Gitnang Luzon (AMGL, KMP Central Luzon) condemned
the latest and first extra-judicial killing on peasants, victimizing
Pascual Guevarra, 78-year old leader of Alyansa ng Magbubukid na
Nagkakaisa sa 3,100 Ektarya ng Fort Magsaysay (ALMANA 3100). He was shot
dead July 9, late afternoon by believed to be agents of the military. The
groups vowed to push further for land reform and kicked off by setting
base camp at the central office of the Dept. of Agrarian Reform (DAR) in
Quezon City.
“We strongly condemn the first EJK on peasants, thus, we would struggle
further for land reform by starting to set-up camp at DAR to prepare for
days of dialogue with officials regarding agrarian disputes, primarily in
Southern Tagalog,” said Danilo Ramos in a press statement, KMP
Secretary-General.
“Killings on peasants has always been connected to their struggle for
genuine land reform. Tatay Pascual of ALMANA 3100 was leading their
campaign for land distribution of 3,100 hectares inside Fort Magsaysay
Military Reservation in Laur, Nueva Ecija. They are fighting against the
harassment and displacement efforts of the military, particularly the 7th
Infantry Division of the Philippine Army led by Maj. Gen. Ralph
Villanueva,” said Ramos.
The groups said that the general and his forces does not recognize the
farmers’ Certificate of Land Ownership Awards (CLOAs) which has been the
result of the 1991 Deed of Transfer between Dept. of National Defense and
DAR signed by then Sec. Renato De Villa and then Sec. Benjamin Leung, of
respective offices. Thus, farmers were consistently harassed, houses
strafed at, burned down and communities held like garrisons. Farmers led
by ALMANA 3100, supported by AMGL and KMP held a dialogue at the Camp
Aguinaldo on November 17, 2008 and defense officials promised to study the
case.
“The past-Arroyo regime victimized at least 561 peasant activists and
organizers and Tatay Pascual is the first under the Aquino government.
Hence, we challenge Noynoy Aquino to immediately act to stop the killings
and resolve the agrarian disputes all-over the country,” Ramos said.
“Likewise with his ‘wang-wang’ policy, where motorists and government
officials are bound to follow traffic laws, we challenge him to distribute
Hacienda Luisita so that other landlords and hacienderos are compelled to
follow his example,” he added.
The farmers are to dialogue with DAR the issues of Hacienda Yulo in
Calamba, Laguna, Hacienda Looc in Nasugbu, Batangas, Ramos ‘lands’ in
Dasmarinas, Cavite, Ciudad Nuevo, KPPI and Cathay ‘lands’ in Silang,
Cavite, Sitio Seedling lands in Montalban, Rizal. Leaders from KASAMA-TK
and its provincial chapters from Laguna, Batangas, Cavite, Rizal and
lawyers from SENTRA foundation are to discourse with DAR officials.
“We want to know what Noynoy Aquino’s ‘pagbabago’ means or is it plain
lipservice and his agrarian policy is likewise anti-peasant such as of
Arroyo’s. We want the whole country to know that land reform issue is
fundamental and Aquino should immediately act on this as this is the root
of all unrest in our society,” said Ramos.
The groups vowed that they would hold more and heightened protest actions
as as Aquino’s first State-of-the-Nation Address comes near on July 26 and
followed by the 1st anniversary of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program Extension with ‘Reforms’ on August 7. #
▲ March from Bustillos to
Mendila ▼
Victims of extrajudicial killing in 12 days of the Aquino admnistration
July 9 - Pascual Guevarra, 78 years old, Anakpawis partylist member, Nueva
Ecija,
July 9 - Mark Francisco, 27 years old, ACT Teachers partylist member.
Masbate
July 9 - Edgar Fernandez, 44, ACT Teachers partylist member, Masbate
July 5 - Fernando Baldomero, 61 years old, Bayan Muna partylist member,
Aklan
PRESS RELEASE
Reference: Anton Dulce, Anakbayan national vice-chairperson, 09086123260
July 12, 2010
Noynoy, get your military animals under control! – Anakbayan
Youth group Anakbayan today blasted the Aquino administration for its
apparent lack of control on the Armed Forces of the Philippines after two
members of progressive partylist groups were reportedly assassinated last
July 9
78 year-old Pascual Guevarra, a member of partylist group Anakpawis and a
leader of peasants residing within the 3,100-hectare Fort Magsaysay, was
shot around 4.45pm in his home in Laur, Nueva Ecija. Meanwhile, according
to initial reports, Mark Francisco of ACT Teachers’ Partylist was killed
in Palanas, Masbate on the same day.
The two are the second and third activists slain under the presidency of
Benigno ‘Noynoy’ Aquino. The first is Fernando Baldomero of Bayan Muna, in
Aklan, last July 5.
“Blame on this killing spree rests on the doorsteps of the Armed Forces of
the Philippines. In the wake of Baldomero’s murder, the former insisted
that the latter had links with the New People’s Army in an attempt to
justify his death. Even before, the AFP has always gone to great lengths
to demonize pro-people partylists with its sworn enemy, the NPA” said
Anakbayan national vice-chairperson Anton Dulce.
After Baldomero was killed, AFP spokesperson Jose Mabanta said Baldomero
was killed due to an ‘internal purge’ within the NPA, a charge which was
dismissed by human rights groups as ‘pure hogwash’.
“We’ve said it before and we’ll say it again: heads must roll in the
military. We demand that Noynoy take drastic measures to halt the
killings” he said.
The youth group had earlier called on the President to punish Mabanta for
his statements.
The youth leader added that Aquino was also partly to blame for his
statements against human rights violations, or lack thereof.
He said “From his inaugural speech alone, there was no strong condemnation
of extra-judicial killings and enforced disappearances. In fact, the word
‘human rights’ wasn’t even mentioned, not even once. Human rights groups
have also urged him to order the junking of the AFP’s Oplan Bantay Laya,
or to order the release of the ‘Morong 43’, to send a strong message that
he will not tolerate the military’s abuses. But he did none of those
things”.
“Noynoy has sent a message about human rights all right: one of
indecisiveness, inaction, and unwillingness to confront the armed forces”
said Dulce.
Finally, the youth leader said “Our willingness to give Aquino a chance is
fast-running out”. ###
--
Get the latest news on burning social issues at anakbayanph.wordpress.com
July 09, 2010
Mr. Aquino, stop the killings!
The cold-blooded assassination of Bayan Muna Aklan coordinator and Lezo
town councilor Fernando Baldomero last Monday is forcing the hand of
President Benigno Aquino to not only denounce extra-judicial killings (EJKs)
and promise to go after their perpetrators but to deal with its obvious
link with the government’s counterinsurgency program called Oplan Bantay
Laya (OBL).
Will he acknowledge it as something he has inherited but abhors and
intends to put an end to? More important, what he is going to do about it,
knowing full well that the people, his acknowledged "Boss", would demand
more than the same avowals and promises they had likewise heard from the
murderous Arroyo regime?
Mrs. Arroyo herself was forced to make some general condemnation of EJKs
after the indignant reaction to the fulsome praise she heaped on a
notorious general accused precisely of ordering such killings. Rising
concern in the international community about the unabated murders of
unarmed activists and other progressives may also have pushed Mrs. Arroyo
to appoint a feisty chairperson for the nonetheless toothless human rights
commission.
But there have been no credible investigations; no arrests; no successful
prosecutions; and most of all, no acknowledgement that EJKs have become
part and parcel of government’s counterinsurgency operations.
Thus although the numbers of EJKs and other gross human rights violations
came down for a while, these started to climb up once more especially as
the government’s self-imposed deadline for ending the insurgency drew
near.
Mr. Aquino’s pronouncements so far about national security and peace talks
and his latest address to the Philippine military in turn-over ceremonies
have fallen far short of sending an unequivocal message of his
administration’s commitment to uphold human rights.
Despite the gravity of the problem, it is not clear at this point whether
part of building “strong, capable and disciplined security forces”
includes weeding out those guilty of EJKs and their cover-up. Will Mr.
Aquino give them the same leeway as did Mrs. Arroyo or will he
relentlessly go after them, in as much as he is called upon to
uncompromisingly seek the truth and achieve justice with regard to all the
anti-people crimes of her regime?
Even with regard to the so-called Truth Commission, Mr. Aquino has so far
been quite general in its announced goals, i.e. anomalies under the Arroyo
government, without mention of human rights violations despite local and
international outrage over hundreds of unsolved cases and clear signs that
these are continuing despite a change in leadership.
The ambiguity in Mr. Aquino’s policy statements leaves much room for
perpetuating the climate of impunity that persists to this day. As if on
cue, the military spokesperson’s blanket denial of any AFP involvement in
Mr. Baldomero’s killing and the innuendo that the NPA are more likely to
be the culprits behind it reveals the military’s unchanged attitude and
line on EJKs.
The victims of human rights violations expect nothing short of concrete
and effective steps from the Aquino administration to put a stop to the
killings and render justice to the victims. These include:
1) Investigate, arrest and prosecute the direct perpetrators of EJKs,
enforced disappearances, etc and the high government officials and
military/police officers who provided policy direction and political
justification, praised and promoted the notorious military/police officers
implicated, provided systematic cover-up and gave all-out support to Oplan
Bantay Laya.
2) Put on hold, subject to review and disavow OBL as part of actualizing
the statement of Presidential Spokesperson that “EJKs are not a policy” of
the Aquino administration.
3) Immediately put a stop to the military’s vilification
campaign against activists and progressives, specifically linking them to
the New People’s Army, thereby setting them up for “neutralization” (a
military euphemism for elimination) first politically, and eventually,
physically. There should be a clear repudiation of the AFP document
"Knowing the Enemy" which set the direction, justified and lined up the
targets for "neutralization" by the military.
4) Issue a strong warning and undertake summary action against military
commanders in areas of responsibility where EJKs take place and against
police superintendents who make no headway in investigating EJKs and other
gross HRVs.
5) Stop the widespread practice of arresting, detaining and convicting
leaders and members of progressive organizations for alleged criminal
offenses on the basis of fabricated charges and evidence. Release all
political prisoners detained on the basis of false charges.
Moreover, this blight on the government’s human rights record and the rule
of law should not be tackled selectively. It is hoped that Mr. Aquino will
not take a leaf from the way the US ambassador recently and notably called
for quick official action on media killings while being conspicuously
silent on the murders of activists known to be on the Left of the
political spectrum.
It must be pointed out that prior governments’ track record with regard to
EJKs has been dismal including the assassination of Mr. Aquino’s father,
Sen. Ninoy Aquino, where the real masterminds were never officially
determined, much less prosecuted and arrested.
It is perhaps a testament to the country’s real state of affairs, where
the military and police are now more than ever the armed protectors of an
intolerably unjust social system and whoever is the current oppressive
regime presiding over it. So much so that whatever their abuses against
the people, these are swept under the rug, tolerated and even justified in
the name of counterinsurgency and protecting the state.
Sooner than later, the Aquino regime will be unmasked by the festering
problems of Philippine society that continue to erupt with such
manifestations as EJKs, fiscal crises and unmitigated poverty that no
amount of feel-good rhetoric can contain and paper over.
Mr. Aquino will then be forced to confront these and will be ultimately
judged by his actions and not mere promises. #
*Published in Business World
9-10 July 2010
Poster from the Facebook account of IE
BONUS TRACK
The Mendiola Peace Argh
The Office of the
President (GMA) designed the arch and funded its construction. Mendiola has been the scene of violent
dispersals by state security forces, the most violent and murderous of which was the 1987
Mendiola massacre where at least 13 peasant protesters were killed and
hundreds injured.. The builders installed the name, MENDIOLA PEACE ARCH
perhaps to teach the students in the vicinity the meaning of irony. The
arch is also an excuse to build the iron gates beneath and keep protesters
away from Malacanang.
They call it an Arch but nowhere in its structure is
there a semi-circular part or even a small curvature..
Wait, the arghs are in the steel gates that bar
protesters from going to Malacanang.
The Mendiola massacre happened on the
second year of the administration of Corazon Aquino, the mother of
the current president...